Parathyroid gland

Parathyroid gland

🥀(1) Hormones of parathyroid: Active hormone secreted by parathyroids is parathormone (PTH), also called Collip's Hormone (Phillips collip, 1925).

🥀(2) Irregularities of parathormones

(a) Hypoparathyroidism (Hyposecretion of parathormone)

(b) Hyperparathyroidism (Hypersecretion of parathormone)

🥀Pancreas

(1) Hormones of pancreas and their role:

(a) Insulin: Insulin regulates how the body uses and stores glucose and fat.

(b) Glucagon: This is secreted by the alpha cells of islets of Langerhans. Its function is to elevate glucose level in blood when glucose is deficient.

(c) Somatostatin and Pancreatic polypeptide: Modern physiologists have postulated that the d and F (PP) cells of pancreas respectively secrete somatostatin (SS) and pancreatic polypeptide (PP). Somatostatin resembles the growth hormone inhibitory hormone (GHIH) secreted by hypothalamus.

🥀Thymus gland

(1) Function of thymus glands

(a) Thymus is haemopoietic, as well as, an endocrine gland.

(b) The major function of thymus is to secrete thymosin hormone, thymic humoral factor (THF), thymic factor (TF), thymopoietin.

(c) Thymus is essential in neonatal (newly born) infant and postnatal child for normal development of lymphoid organs and cellular immunity.

🥀Gonads 

(1) The gonads are the sex glands, the testes and the ovary.

(i) Testes

The testis form part of the male reproductive system, and is the gland where sperm and testosterone are produced.

🥀Functions of Testes

(a) It stimulates the male reproductive system to grow to full size and become functional.

(b) It stimulates the formation of sperms (spermatogenesis) in the seminiferous tubules.

(c) It also determines the male sexual behaviour sex urge, aggressive behaviour.  

(d) Under its effect protein anabolism increases.